Dr. Jonathan Stapley, author of Holiness to the Lord, dives deep into the complex history of women & temple sealings, the historical evolution of the sealing ceremony, the persistent changes to the endowment, and the shifting architectural purposes of Latter-day Saint temples.
https://youtu.be/9GLMfnUxqdU
When examining the history of the sealing ceremony, Stapley points out a stark contrast between Joseph Smith’s era and Brigham Young’s era. The earliest known sealing text, written by Joseph Smith in 1842, was much more egalitarian than the Nauvoo Temple text later published by Orson Pratt in 1852, which incorporated Brigham Young’s views subordinating women. While the Church has made significant revisions since 1990 to reintroduce more egalitarian language, certain disparities between men and women remain.
Dilemma for Widows
A poignant example of this is the church’s current sealing policy regarding widows. Before the 1890s, women were regularly sealed to multiple men sequentially, but by the 1920s, a rule was formalized restricting living women to a single sealed husband. Curiously, in the 1960s, the church changed the rules to allow deceased women to be sealed to multiple men to fix family history roadblocks, yet the restriction remained for living women. This leaves many modern widows feeling anxious or hesitant to remarry, and Stapley notes that the current theological answer regarding how these complex marriages will be resolved in the afterlife is simply, “we don’t know.”
Debunking the 4-8-Hour Endowment Myth
Stapley also pushes back against modern fundamentalist assumptions that the original Nauvoo endowment was a massive, 4-8-hour ordeal. In reality, historical records from William Clayton indicate that the Nauvoo endowment took roughly 90 minutes. When the ritual did take longer, it was often because every participant was acting as a main character, and there were limited temple workers to facilitate the liturgy.
Stapley emphasizes that the endowment has never been static; it has always been iterating. Significant milestones include the formalization of temple worker roles in the Endowment House, the writing down of the liturgy and introduction of proxy endowments in the St. George Temple, Wilford Woodruff’s introduction of white pants for men, and the monumental 20th-century shift from live acting to film presentation.
Assembly Rooms and the 24 Temples of Zion
We also explore how the physical space of the temple has changed. The Kirtland Temple was a semi-public building that hosted private, charismatic “solemn assemblies” for priesthood officers. Later pioneer temples—like Manti, St. George, and Salt Lake—were built with massive assembly halls that are rarely used today, rendering them “architectural anachronisms.”
Finally, Stapley addresses Joseph Smith’s famous “Plat of Zion” which outlined 24 temples for the city of Independence. He cautions against comparing these to modern temples, explaining that in the 1830s, the term “temple” was used aspirationally to describe multi-purpose civic buildings, not the private liturgical spaces we know today. Ultimately, the church’s theology simply outgrew the 24-temple model.
0:00 Sealing More Egalitarian?
13:33 Evolution of Endowment Ceremony
24:48 Temples Used to Be Public
35:27 24 Temples
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